The Theory Of Classical Conditioning - 1163 Words

Classical conditioning is based on an association between two stimuli and implies that we as organisms are rather passive in the learning process. Operant conditioning is based on a response and stimuli (i.e., consequences) that follow that response. Operant implies that organisms operate on the environment to produce consequences we anticipate based on previous active learning. Classical conditioning, the association between two stimuli is easily demonstrated in the media. For example, advertising professionals know that they have to pair their products with something that will trigger something in the audience. By pairing their products with something that makes people either happy, excited, or even hungry. They know that people will want to purchase their products. Coca Cola has been pairing their products with Christmas for years. Christmas naturally makes most people happy and excited for the holiday season. During the Coca Cola Christmas commercial for 2010, it starts with Santa running through a parking lot. As it continues hundreds of red semi-trucks covered in white lights appear. Through the trees you catch a glimpse of the Coca Cola label and Santa sitting in a chair drinking a coke. While Christmas music plays children run to line the road to watch the trucks pass. As the commercial continues the music gets louder and more lights start to light up with trees. The commercial then flashes to a father reading a Christmas story to his son while sharingShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning929 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a RussianRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I will be looking at the Behaviourist perspective with Ivan Pavlov’s (1902) theory about classical conditioning. I will be discussing how I have used human development and learning perspectives in my placement to support young people in their personal and social development with providing a case study about them. I will be writing about how the theory demonstrates effective youth and community work practice including the five pillars of youth work. Behaviourists look at behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1360 Words   |  6 PagesIs it possible to rouse fear from a stimulus that at first caused no such response? Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is produced from combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. Ivan Pavlov did a famous study, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. â€Å"Little Albert†, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane HomeRead MoreTheory of Classical Conditioning1051 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning Introduction In psychology, there are number of theories and ideas which are used to influence the way someone reacts to particular events. In the case of classical conditioning, these ideas have been utilized to create short and long term transformations about how someone sees and reacts to the world around them. To fully understand how this is taking place requires examining these techniques and the way they are influencing behavior. This will be accomplished by studyingRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1202 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay the ways in which classical conditioning principals have been used to treat problem behaviours in humans will be discussed. Firstly the findings of Ivan Pavlov’s research experiment on classical conditioning will be explained. Then a number of his basic principals that include extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation and acquisition will be explored. Finally, the use of behavioural therapy in treating problem behaviours, specifically in relation to systematic desensitisationRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1070 Words   |  5 Pages(1929) and Watson and Rayner (1920) contributed to the theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning argues behaviour is learned through the continued pairing of a stimulus that creates a response. This can be a fear response as identified by Watson and Rayner (1920) where a healthy eleven-month-old boy was conditioned to feel fear when he saw a fluffy white toy. This fear extended to any fluffy white object. Operant conditioning theory was developed through the findings of Skinner (1938)Read MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1222 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced. Although Harlow has found this theory, Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs and discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can show how attitudes are formed and changed, how and when attitudes influence behavior, and how we change attitudes and behavior. Classical conditioning is basically learning through association, which induces involuntary or automatic responses to certain stimuli. A famous example is Pavlov’s dogs, before conditioning the dogs would salivate (UCR) when meatRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning994 Words   |  4 Pagestransfer persist, although with a certain loss in the intensity of the reaction, for a longer period than one month.† The data reported in this paper definitely supports this conclusion. The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of classical conditioning as well as transfer (stimulus generalization); and to see if they would be able to successfully condition an emotional response of fear. When this experiment began, Little Albert was 11 months and 3 days old. Watson and Rayner exposedRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesattachment theory is a psychological, an ethological and an evolutionary theory that is concerned with relationships between humans, specifically between mother and infant. An infant has to develop a relationship with at least one of their primary caregivers for them to develop socially and emotionally. This essay will look at evaluating the theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behavioristRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1824 Words   |  8 PagesClassical conditioning The first theory of learning is called classical conditioning and was developed by Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist. He started working with dogs to investigate their digestive system, they were ties to a harness and Pavlov added monitors to their stomachs and mouths to measure the rate of saliva produced. He found out that when a lab assistant came in to give the dog food before the dog tasting the food it started to produce saliva, saliva is a reflex response and Pavlov

Use Of Professional Literacy Terminology Throughout Your...

Lesson Reflection Directions: Research notes proximate reflection is a critical part of learning (Kolb, 1984; Schà ¶n, 1991). Fill in your responses in each box. Use professional literacy terminology throughout your reflection per the rubric. What did you learn about learners and teaching/learning? I learned more about the level of learners that I have in my class. My mentor teacher told me some names of high and low level learners, but observing them being taught and teaching them are two very different realities. I also learned that even my high level learners were struggling second grade counting skills (ex: ten more, ten less). This lesson also re-emphasized the importance of modeling learning for students (I do, we do, they do).†¦show more content†¦Gabby seems to be distracted during the entirety of the lesson. I think she is confused by a lot of the information being presented. I realized that once Ms. McDavid came and sat next to her during the lesson, she became more engaged during the whole group instruction. For my next lesson, I may try sitting her by an adult in the room and have them proving some scaffold for her during the whole group instruction. Jose is one of my ESL students. He really struggles with counting and reading. I found that he did better working in the small group, than independently at his desk. He was more successful and completing the math problems correctly once the questions were read aloud for him. For my next lesson, I will continue to pull him for small group instruction so I can focus on determining his math skills. How can you be better prepared (what support/skills do you need for next week)? To better prepare for my next lesson, I think having access to the grade level plans would help. Having access to exactly what I need to follow out of the Eureka books and what I need to add/take away would make my feel more secure, knowing I have all the elements that the students need to be taught. For my next lesson, I would also like to spend more time practicing aloud prior to teaching. I feel like I need to work on how I prep for lesson, so that I can make sure I am fully prepared. Lastly, I couldShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Identifying And Adapting Health Literacy967 Words   |  4 Pages The Importance of Identifying and Adapting to Patient Health Literacy in Effective Workplace Communication Name: Georgia Pearson Student Number: n9994769 Course Code Name: PYB007 Communication for Healthcare Professionals Tutor: Michael Rowlands Tutorial: Wednesday, 1500 – 1700, N518 Word Count: Date: 10/04/2017 Queensland University of Technology The Importance of Identifying and Adapting to Patient Health Literacy in Effective Workplace Communication Effective communication playsRead MoreQuestions On The Student Nurse Essay1969 Words   |  8 Pagessemester resulted in a negative and positive outcome (Appendix 1, pp. 1). However, throughout this semester the student nurse noticed progress in her balancing, management, and learning skills. As it shows that from the student nurse’s developed and revised Action plan and Critical incident questionnaires (CIQ’s) her balancing, learning, and management skills had improved. The essay also consists of the reflection and summary from the three weeks’ tasks of the student nurse assignment. The studentRead MoreEvidence and Examples of the Four Learning Outcomes2455 Words   |  10 Pagesor professional communities by analyzing texts, evidence and writing conventions (Bell, 2014). Four course learning objectives provide a foundation in which by the end of the semester a final research paper is produced with a narrowed definitive focus on a particular subject. Each writing assignment is designed to develop a particular area of growth, how specific communities shape texts and functions, how writing and research creates knowledge, and how to analyzing a particular topic in your fieldRead More3.2 Evaluate the Benefits of Using Holistic Approach to Assessment3386 Words   |  14 PagesExplain the function of assessment in learning and development The function of assessment in learning and development is primarily to provide a measurable barometer for the students progress. Assessment is carried out through formative (checks throughout the course), ipsative (to test against previous marks), and/ or summative (at end of course) activities to help the learner see their development whilst allowing the Assessor to give valuable feedback when appropriate. It’s purpose is to measureRead MoreExplain key influences on personal learning processes of individuals4164 Words   |  17 PagesUnit 6: Personal and Professional Development in Health and Social Care Unit code: D/600/8958 QCF Level 3: BTEC Nationals Credit value: 20 Guided learning hours: 120 Aim and purpose This unit aims to enable learners to understand the learning process and to give them the skills they need to plan for, monitor and reflect on their professional development. Learners will then be able to investigate and gain an understanding of health or social care provision. Learners mustRead MoreManaging Induction Process for Health and Social Care or Children and Young People’s Settings2485 Words   |  10 Pagesare: * The aims, objectives and the purpose of the service * Information on the people who the person will be caring for and supporting Providing any specific communication needs or physical needs. * A list of the rights of the people who use the service. * The policies and Procedures of the service. * Actions to be taken in the case of any emergency. * Health and Safety risk assessments as well as any other necessary health surveillance necessary for their work. * How to reportRead MoreE T Level 4 CERT PORTFOLIO Anon27074 Words   |  109 Pagesand Relationships in Education and Training Unit reference number: H/505/0053 RPL Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector Evidence Page PTLLS certificate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1, 2 Level 2 Literacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Level 2 Numeracy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Unit 3: Delivering Education and Training DECLARATION. I CONFIRM THAT THE EVIDENCE INRead MoreDISSERTATION21474 Words   |  86 PagesANGLO-MEXICAN FOUNDATION/COLLEGE OF ST MARK AND ST JOHN Exploring the use of authentic materials with young adult learners focused to learn vocabulary. Dissertation submitted in part-fulfilment of the requirements for the University of Exeter B.Ed for Serving Teachers (Hons) English Language Teaching Beatriz Dà ­az de Contreras September 2003 BA/Bed Honours (Exon.) Abstract Although I have always liked to use authentic materials in class, I had never had the opportunity to make aRead MoreHow to Make a Review of Related Literature6112 Words   |  25 PagesHow to Make a Review of Related Literature Do not you know how to make a review of related literature? No panic! Make use of our guide and you are sure to create a qualitative review of related literature. What is a Review of Related Literature? A review of related literature is an integral part of theses or dissertations. It may also be a required part of proposals. The main purpose of a review of related literature is to analyze scientific works by other researchers that you used for investigationRead MoreInternational Marketing Research10714 Words   |  43 Pagesfridge doors large enough to accommodate the large size bottle (Payne, website). 3 Promotion: When Pepsico advertised Pepsi in Taiwan with the ad â€Å"Come Alive With Pepsi† they had no idea that it would be translated into Chinese as â€Å"Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead.† b. Racial Differences: This would refer to the differences in physical features of people in different countries. For example, the types of hair care and cosmetic products needed in U.S would differ from those needed

Commercial Law Defenses to Negligence

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Law Defenses to Negligence. Answer: Introduction A tort is a civil wrong done, where the act undertaken by an individual turn into a harm or loss for the other party (Emanuel and Emanuel, 2008). In Australia, negligence is considered as a tort. Negligence occurs when there is a failure on the part of an individual, to fulfill the duty of care which they owed to another individual, which translates into harm, injury or loss to such other party. By fixing a liability on the party which failed to fulfill its duty, the damages can be recovered by the party harmed (Latimer, 2012). The following parts cover the analysis of the case of Anna and Trevor to highlight the applicability of different aspects of negligence in their case. Negligence When an individual undertakes any act, they owe a duty of care towards the other person, who may be harmed due to the actions taken by such individual. In case such a duty remains unfulfilled or is breached, a case of negligence can arise (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). This principle was established so as to fix a duty of undertaken reasonable care while carrying out any activity by the individuals, and to safeguard the other from any harm, which is easily foreseeable (Lambiris and Griffin, 2016). Upon a case of negligence been established, the party harmed can claim damages, as a compensation for the injury. To establish that negligence actually took place, the elements like duty of care, breach of duty, and damages have to be established (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). Duty of Care The first and foremost thing, to be established in the case of negligence is the duty of care, as this is the key thing upon which the entire case of negligence is based. A legal obligation is placed through the duty of care, upon the individual carrying on the particular task, which could result in an injury or loss. A case, which is quoted time and again in cases of negligence, is the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100, also known as the Snail in the bottle case. In this case, Donoghue had consumed ginger beer from a bottle while sitting in a caf in Paisley, Renfrewshire. A dead snail was found in the bottle which made Donoghue sick and she sued Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer bottle for negligence. The court established that Stevenson owed a duty of care to its customers and the deal snail was a breach of this duty. Hence, Donoghue was successful in recovering damages for Stevensons negligence (British and Irish Legal Information Institute, 2017). In the given scenario, being the operator of the tour, Trevor had a responsibility and obligation of ensuring that his clients were safe. So, a duty of care was owed by Trevor to the members taking his tour. Applying Donoghue v Stevenson, in the manner as Stevenson owed a duty of care towards its customers, being the tour operator Trevor owed a duty of care to the people taking the tour. Breach After establishing that the duty of care was indeed owed by the individual, to show that negligence took place, it has to be proved that this duty of care was breached (Turner, 2013). When the actions of the individual are such that the duty which was owed is not fulfilled and more so, breached, negligence can be established. When the individual fails to consider the possibility of a harm, damage or loss, which a prudent individual, in similar circumstances would undertake, it also contributes towards the breach of duty (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). In the established case of Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490 (CP), due to the poor ventilation, the haystack of the defendant caught fire. Before this incident, the defendant had been warned on several instances that due to the poor ventilation, a fire could set off. The defendant argued that the risk of fire was not foreseeable when the fire really took place, and even went on to state that his best judgment had been used in this case. The best judgment of the defendant was held insufficient by the judge. This was because the judge believed that a prudent individual would have paid heed to the numerous warnings and the best judgment would have been of such a prudent individual. So, the defendant was held to have breached the duty of care in the quoted case (Commonwealth Legal Information Institute, 2017). In given scenario, it has been already established that Trevor owed a duty of care to all the individuals who participated in his tour. And so, he had to make certain that none of the parties were harmed or injured. He left the tour members unsupervised for a long time period when he went on to search a new location. This led to the delay in the schedule of the entire tour and hence, the return time was pushed to the night. Due to the darkness that had fallen with night, Anna failed in making out the root of the tree and stumbled upon it, which resulted in her injury. Trevor had failed in fulfilling the duty of care towards its tour members. This establishes that there has been a breach of duty of care. Also, applying Vaughan v Menlove, any prudent person would have ensured that the schedule of tour was kept up. In case there was a delay in the timings of the tour, then proper care should have been taken to safeguard the individuals from such incidents. This risk was clearly foreseeable, and as a tour operator, Trevor should have been aware about it. This further affirms a breach of duty of care by Trevor. Damage Unless and until, the breach of duty of care does not result in an injury, harm or loss to some other person, a case of negligence cannot be established. So, when there is a case of breach of duty of care, the result of such a breach has to be a loss, injury or harm for the party to the individual to whom this duty of care was owed (Statsky, 2011). This injury has to be substantial and a negligible injury would not establish negligence. For claiming damages under negligence, the injury has to be substantial enough that damages can be claimed upon it and a negligible or a remote injury would not attract any amount of damages (Harvey and Marston, 2009). This can also assist in claiming damages which are in nature of non-pecuniary, and an example of such non-pecuniary damages is the damages awarded for emotional or mental distress (Holmes, 2017). There has to be a direct causation between the injury and the actions undertaken by the individual to establish a case of negligence. In addition to the direct causation, the loss has to be foreseeable. Unless and until, a loss is foreseeable, a party cannot take steps to avoid the injury (Greene, 2013). For instance, an earthquake is not foreseeable and hence, a claim in such case cannot be made. In the Wagon Mount case, otherwise known as the Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2, the real cause of the fire was held to be remote and so, the damages for the fire were not ordered to be paid by the defendant (H2O, 2016). In given scenario, the injury was foreseeable as any person, whether a professional or novice, could easily trip on a tree branch at night time, due to the acute darkness. Further, Trevor had clear knowledge that the chances of falling at the night time in a trek were significantly higher as compared to day time, and this is the reason why he avoided the tours at night time. In the past, this had already resulted in injury to Trevors clients. This affirmed the foreseeability of the loss. There was also a direct causation between the injury that Anna received and the failure of duty of care by Trevor in keeping his tour members safe at night time. Due to the presence of foreseeability, direct causation, and a significant injury due to the breach of duty of care, a case of negligence can be easily established. Defense A common defense used in the case of negligence is the defense of contributory negligence (Find Law, 2017). When there is a failure on part of the injured party, in taking the due care, which could safeguard them due to an injury resulting from the breach of duty of another person, a case of contributory negligence is established. In case a contributory negligence of the plaintiff is established, then the damages which are to be paid to the plaintiff are reduced according to the contribution of the plaintiff in such an injury (Dongen, 2014). In the case of Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291, Davies was standing at the side of the lorry and this was taken as a contributing factor in the injuries which Davies received. Because of this contributory negligence of Davies, the damages awarded by the court, to him, were reduced in the appropriate proportions (Swarb, 2016). In given scenario, Anna drank up wine from the bottle which she had brought with her to the tour. Trevor had never provided any alcohol to Anna; moreover, he only gave the tour members sandwiches, and water. In addition to this, upon being offered wine by Anna, the other tour members had refused it. The consumption of wine made tipsy, which contributed towards the injury she received, as she was not her best while trekking. Trevor had clearly laid down a requirement of wearing sensible clothing, as well as, shoes for the trek, to all the members taking the tour. And yet, Anna changed her shoes for high heels, which increased her chances of falling or tripping while trekking. Trevor was unaware that Anna was intoxicated or that Anna had changed her footwear. So, Anna contributed towards her injury. And as was established in the case of Davies v Swan Motor Co, the acts of Anna contributed towards the injury, in the same manner as it did for Davies by standing at the side of lorry. Not once, but Anna, through her acts, contributed towards her injury twice and that too in a grave manner. Intoxication plus improper gear were two major factors which contributed towards her injury and so she would be liable for contributory negligence. Remedies As highlighted earlier, when a negligence of an individual is established, a claim for damages can be made by the party injured or harmed, and this is in form of monetary compensation (Turner, 2013). And both pecuniary and non pecuniary losses can be claimed for negligence of an individual. A momentous case with regard to damages awarded for mental distress is the case of Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344, where even though the plaintiff was not awarded the cost of the cruise, but for the mental distress caused due to the sinking of ship and the loss of belongings of the passenger, the plaintiff was awarded damages (Holmes, 2017). The Civil Liability Act (QLD) dictates that in case of a contributory negligence, the damages awarded in case of negligence to the plaintiff would be reduced by the amount of the contributory negligence of the plaintiff. The reduction percentage of the contributory negligence is decided upon the discretion of the court of law (Hayes Gabriel, 2017). Section 47 of the Civil Liability Act provides that when, at the time of the negligence incident resulting in an injury, the plaintiff is intoxicated, whether under the influence of alcohol or drugs, then the damages awarded to the plaintiff are liable to be reduced by a percentage of 25 and even higher in cases where the court deems fit (Lavercombe, 2012). Due to the injury resulting out of negligence of Trevor, Anna would have to be compensated for both the pecuniary and non pecuniary damages. But as there is no direct causation between the willful closure of the caf by Anna and her injury due to negligence of Trevor, she cannot claim damages in form of lost income of twelve months. However, the amount of damages that would be awarded to Anna would have to be reduced by the percentage of contributory negligence. Due to Anna being intoxicated, this would be a minimum of 25%. In addition to this, the judge may award a higher percentage as Anna violated the guidelines given by Trevor to wear proper gear for trekking by wearing high heels. The final amount of damages awarded to Anna, would hence depend upon the verdict of the court of law. Conclusion The applicability of the rules and case laws, with the given scenario highlights that Trevor owed a duty of care towards the tour members and he failed in fulfilling this duty, which resulted in serious harm to Anna. And so, Trevor is liable for negligence and would have to pay damages to Anna. However, due to the contributory negligence of Anna, the damages awarded to her would be reduced by 25% or more. References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business law. 8th ed. London: Thompson Learning. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (2017) Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 (26 May 1932). [Online] British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1932/100.html [Accessed on 02/03/17] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. (2017) Vaughan v Menlove. [Online] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1837/424.pdf [Accessed on 02/03/17] Dongen, E.V. (2014) Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Emanuel, S., and Emanuel, L. (2008) Torts. New York: Aspen Publishers. Find Law. (2017) Defenses to Negligence Claims. [Online] Find Law. Available from: https://injury.findlaw.com/accident-injury-law/defenses-to-negligence-claims.html [Accessed on 02/03/17] Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014) Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Greene, B. (2013) Course Notes: Tort Law. Oxon: Routledge. H2O. (2016) Wagon Mound (No. 1) -- "The Oil in the Wharf Case". [Online] H2O. Available from: https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/4919 [Accessed on 02/03/17] Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Hayes Gabriel. (2017) What is Contributory Negligence?. [Online] Hayes Gabriel. Available from: https://hayesgabriel.com.au/compensation-law/contributory-negligence/ [Accessed on 02/03/17] Holmes, R. (2017) Mental Distress Damages For Breach Of Contract. [Online] Victoria University of Wellington. Available from: https://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/research/publications/vuwlr/prev-issues/pdf/vol-35-2004/issue-3/holmes.pdf [Accessed on 02/03/17] Kelly, D., Hammer, R., and Hendy, J. (2014) Business Law. 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Lambiris, M., and Griffin, L. (2016) First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lavercombe, D. (2012) Intoxication and contributory negligence: common law vs the Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD). [Online] Lexology. Available from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=895104f1-fc0c-47bc-b875-79470fa98eb9 [Accessed on 02/03/17] Statsky, W.P. (2011) Essentials of Torts. 3rd ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Swarb. (2016) Davies v Swan Motor Co (Swansea) Ltd: CA 1949. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/davies-v-swan-motor-co-swansea-ltd-ca-1949/ [Accessed on 02/03/17] Trindade, F., Cane, P. and Lunney, M. (2007) The law of torts in Australia. 4th ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Turner, C. (2013) Unlocking Torts. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge.

If I Were a Man by Charlotte Perkins Gilman free essay sample

In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"If I Were a Man† she successfully shows the subconscious thinking of a young woman who wishes with her heart and soul she would become a man. The story is based on a young woman named Mollie Mathewson, who ends up becoming her husband due to her wishes to be a man. She then goes throughout the day as her husband, Gerald. â€Å"She was Gerald, walking down the path so erect and square-shouldered, in a hurry for his morning train, as usual, and, it must be confessed, in something of a temper† (Gilman 50). Gilman successfully brings this story to life by taking a third-person limited omniscient point of view, which allows us to see inside her innermost thoughts. Mollie Mathewson longs to be a man, because at this time men have all the power and pride women don’t. She is envious of all the things men can have. We will write a custom essay sample on If I Were a Man by Charlotte Perkins Gilman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"She felt what she had never felt before in all her life-the possession of money, of her own earned money-hers to give or to withhold, not to beg for, tease for, wheedle for-hers† (Gilman 51). For the first time in her life she gets to see what its like to have money that she does not have to share with anyone else. Men get to make the money while women stay home and take care of things around the house. Mollie now gets to experience life outside the house, and she also gets to feel what it’s like to not have to report to anyone. She is her own person now. During her day as Gerald she begins to take on his thoughts. She begins to think about women’s fashion and business sense. She particularly starts to dislike women’s hats. With the eyes of a man and the brain of a man; with the memory of a whole lifetime of free action wherein the hat, close-fitting on cropped hair, had been no handicap; now she perceived the hats of women† (Gilman 52). It’s interesting the way Mollie is taking on her husband’s thoughts. The reader would never think Mollie would think of women’s hats this way. The reader would think in spite of her being a man she would still think like a woman. On the train to work Mollie comes across a few men that Gerald rides the morning train with, and they begin having a biased discussion about women, that Mollie takes part in it. They talk about how women get whatever they want once they’ve got their mind made up and how men are smarter than women. Suddenly Mollie tells the men it’s time to wake up. She explains that women are pretty much the same as they are. Men and women are both people. Another thing Mollie said that is the most important quote of the story is, â€Å"As for Mother Eve-I wasn’t there and can’t deny the story, but I will say this. If she brought evil into the world, we men have had the lion’s share of keeping it going ever since-how about that? † (Gilman 55). Gilman shows men blame women for the way the world is, but it is both men and women who should equally be blamed for what goes on in the world. In the story the reader gets a feel for what Mollie is experiencing during her day as her husband Gerald. Charlotte Perkins Gilman does an amazing job getting her point across using the third-person limited omniscient point of view. At the end of the story Gerald is now conscious of new views and feelings about women that he never had before. Without Gilman’s use of the third-person limited omniscient point of view the reader wouldn’t have gotten that much out of the story.

Growing up, an analysis of isolation in winesburg, ohio.

Growing up, an analysis of isolation in winesburg, ohio. The back cover to the Viking Critical Library Edition of 'Winesburg, Ohio' by Sherwood Anderson reads: "'Winesburg, Ohio' is Sherwood Anderson's 1919 volume of interconnected stories about an ordinary small town whose citizens struggle with extraordinary dreams and grotesque disappointments" (Back cover; Viking Critical Library Edition of 'Winesburg, Ohio' by Sherwood Anderson, edited by John H. Ferres, Viking Press, 1996). The novel by the North-American writer is a collection of short stories, about the life, emotions and feelings of the townspeople of a fictional 1890s town. Emotions that sustain throughout the whole of 'Winesburg, Ohio' are isolation and loneliness, "particularly as these emotions take their source from failure of affection or of creative expression" (Edwin Fussell,'Winesburg, Ohio': Art and Isolation; The Achievement of Sherwood Anderson edited by Ray Lewis White, Chapel Hill Books, 1966). Furthermore an unknown author states that "The figures of 'Winesburg, Ohi o' usually personify a condition of psychic deformity which is the consequence of some crucial failure in their lives.[Grocery store, Mt. Orab, Ohio, Route 74] (LOC)Misogyny, inarticulateness, frigidity, God-infatuation, homosexuality, drunkenness - these are symptoms of their recoil from the regularities of human intercourse" (unknown author, studynet.com/novels/winesburg/isolation/).Failure of communication, the incompetence of self-expression and the universal condition of loneliness and isolation are emotions that tie together Sherwood Anderson's compilation of short stories, as well as the tale of the book's main character George Willard, who in the end will learn to accept these emotions and thus achieves maturity. Being the town's newspaper reporter, George becomes the person of contact for most of the town's citizens who suffer from isolation and loneliness. Therefore I am going to analyse how isolation manifests itself within Sherwood Anderson's novel 'Winesburg, Ohio'. I will do so by showing how the...

Mattel Toy Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mattel Toy Company - Essay Example In August 2007, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission asked the consumers to stop buying 967,000 pieces of a certain toy manufactured by Fisher Price which is a subsidiary of Mattel Company (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2008). These toys were recalled because the lead in paints used in toys was180 times more than the quantity allowed by law (ODonnell, 2007). This quantity of this toxic was clearly excessive and could cause a great deal of harm to the children who used it (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2008). Besides this, a few of Products produced by Mattel Company were also said to contain small magnets which were very dangerous for the young children who played with those toys because of the harm to swallowing them. How did Mattel Toy Company respond to this situation? Any company that wants to stay in the market, be it a giant and a leading company like Mattel Toy Company would assure the society that the company is concerned about them. The first step that it took was to check their products immediately and consider itself accountable. It acknowledged that the lead in their paints was 0.11 percent while only 0.06 percent was allowed (ODonnell, 2007). Mattel Toy Company also recognized its responsibility and immediately identified and recalled about 1.5 Million products that were dangerous. According to one source, the company gave the consumers the benefit to return the products that were announced to contain excessive amount of lead in the paint (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2008). Besides this, it also recalled all its toys that were said to contain small magnets. This was the result of deaths and surgeries of young children because of ingesting these small parts. The toys that were recalled because of magnets amounted to 18 Million (Mattel, 2007). All the recall information was posted on the internet and all the consumers were made aware

MPH599 - Culminating Project Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

MPH599 - Culminating Project Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example Theyre also number one on the list for children who have obesity. Risk factors for children to become type II diabetics, include, overweight and obesity, as well as distribution of body fat, high or low birth weight and rapid weight gain in children, physical inactivity and sedentary pastimes, fetal exposure to maternal gestational diabetes, failure to recover from the dynamic metabolic system changes of puberty when overweight or obese, and signs of insulin resistance untreated. Being a member of ethnic populations such as the American black, Mexican American, and Native American increases risk this disease. Essentially every civilized country in the world has had a sudden increase in children who are obese and therefore, children who have type II diabetes. Spain and the UK are second and third in numbers of children who have obesity as well as type II diabetes. Unfortunately type II diabetes in children leads to early hypertension and cardiovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. The fact that these children are so overweight causes a great deal of difficulty maintaining joints and these children as they hit early adulthood often havening degenerative joint disease. Appropriate screening and follow-up education on such issues as nutrition, number of hours in front of the television set, or number of hours playing video games is important in the school systems today. The average child who develops early-onset diabetes is usually in the age range of 5 to 15.(Healthy people 2020). Type II diabetes in children is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Thereve been more than $2 trillion spent nationally on health care issues related to child type II diabetes. This actually only amounts to 3% of all public health activity. Its already estimated 250,000 more public health workers will be needed by 2020 to handle the number of issues that are growing, with childhood as well as adult diabetes as