Class discussion you will identify wage and salary components of an Essay

Class conversation you will recognize compensation and pay parts of a compelling exhibition examination program - Essay Example parability Survey and specified that before directing the pay and pay study, â€Å"an examination of the representative remuneration framework ought to be founded on a careful comprehension of pertinent guidelines and investigation of the staff arrangements and systems, procedures and uses supporting an agency’s pay plan† (Center for Community Futures, n.d., p. 1). At that point, the anticipated degree of remuneration ought to be expressly decided and recognized; related to the assets or assets of the association. This would empower the leaders to measure the capacities with regards to making the essential changes in pay scale, contingent upon the consequences of the compensation and pay overview. It was accentuated that pay and pay overviews are instruments which help with keeping up â€Å"internal and outer compensation value for employees† (Chapter 9: Managing Compensation, 2012, p. 34). Accordingly, to lead manager started pay and pay reviews, the accompanying pivotal advances and factors should be thought of: (1) the suitable choice of key employments to be overviewed; (2) an assurance of the important work showcase; (3) choosing associations to contrast current compensation structure and; (4) settling on the data that should be gathered: compensation, benefits, pay strategies, and other relevant information influencing wages and pay rates; (5) adequately ordering and utilizing the data that is gathered; lastly, (6) deciding the pay structure to be paid dependent on the installment objectives that were initially set (Chapter 9: Managing Compensation, 2012, p. 36). For example, there is the National Compensation Survey arranged by the Bureau of Labor Statistics which is a territory based overview and gathers data dependent on geographic area; the quantity of foundations which are illustrative of every area; all occupations inside the recognized foundations that are remembered for the review; lastly, the pay and advantages given in every occupation. As uncovered, the

Management Economics Essay

Presentation. The business cycle or monetary cycle alludes to the high points and low points seen to some degree all the while in many pieces of an economy. The cycle includes moves after some time between times of moderately fast development of yield (recuperation and success), substituting with times of relative stagnation or decrease (constriction or downturn). These changes are regularly estimated utilizing the genuine total national output. To call those alternances â€Å"cycles† is somewhat deceptive, as they don’t will in general rehash at genuinely ordinary time interims. Most onlookers find that their lengths (from top to top, or from trough to trough) fluctuate, with the goal that cycles are not mechanical in their consistency. Since no two cycles are indistinguishable in their subtleties, a few market analysts contest the presence of cycles and utilize the word â€Å"fluctuations†. Others see enough likenesses between cycles that the cycle is a legitimate premise of examining the condition of the economy. A key inquiry is whether there are comparative components that create downturns or potentially blasts that exist in industrialist economies with the goal that the elements that show up as a cycle will be seen over and over. Similarly as there is no consistency in the planning of business cycles, there is no motivation behind why cycles need to happen by any means. The predominant view among financial specialists is that there is a degree of monetary action, frequently alluded to as full business, at which the economy hypothetically could remain for eternity. Full work alludes to a degree of creation at which all the contributions to the creation procedure are being utilized, yet not all that seriously that they wear out, separate, or demand higher wages and more get-aways. In the event that nothing upsets the economy, the full-business level of yield, which normally will in general develop as the populace increments and new advances are found, can be looked after until the end of time. There is no motivation behind why a period of full business needs to offer approach to either an undeniable blast or a downturn. Content. Business Cycle, term utilized in financial matters to assign changes in the economy. Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the degree of business movement in industrialized entrepreneur nations has veered from high to low, taking the economy with it. Qualities of business cycle are: - An exchange cycle is wave like development. - Cyclical vacillations are repetitive in nature. - Expansion and withdrawal in an exchange cycle are aggregate impact. - Trade cycles are altogether plaguing in their effect. - It is portrayed by the nearness of emergency for example descending development is more abrupt and savage than the change from descending to 0upward. - Cycles vary in timing and plentifulness they have a typical example of stages, which are consecutive in nature. Periods Of Business Cycles: The good and bad times in the economy are reflected by the vacillations in total financial exercises, for example, creation, speculation, work, costs, compensation, bank credits and so forth. The different periods of the exchange cycles are: Success: Expansion And Peak. This stage starts with the ascent in the national yield, shopper and capital use, level of business and inventories. Indebted individuals think that its increasingly helpful to take care of their obligations. Bank rate increments so credit offices, inactive assets for interest underway since stock costs increments because of increment in gainfulness and profit. Buying power keeps on streaming all through a wide range of financial exercises. Development proceeds with the multiplier procedure. In prior/later stages extra specialists can be gotten by giving higher compensation than winning in the market. Information costs increments quickly which prompts increment in cost of creation. Therefore cost increments and typical cost for basic items builds which bring down the utilization rate. The interest for new houses, concrete, iron, work will in general stop and same is for furniture, autos and so forth. This makes arriving at the pinnacle. To sum up we can say that: - It is a defining moment in the business cycle †the finish of extension - Economy at or near full business - Capital and Labor Utilization at a high - Prices and cost ascend at a moderate rates - Firms benefit at high - Interest rates rise - Consumers and firms desires great Defining moment And Recession. In the wake of arriving at the pinnacle, request begins declining. Maker uninformed of this reality keeps on expanding creation and speculation. In any case, after at some point they understand that their inventories are pilling up and they have enjoyed over-venture. Thus further venture plans will be provided up-request for new hardware, crude materials. Interest for work stops. Impermanent and easygoing specialists are expelled. Makers of capital products and crude materials drop their request. This is the defining moment and start of downturn. Further the salary of pay and premium workers additionally diminishes. This causes request downturn. Maker let down the costs to dispose of inventoriesâ but customer anticipates further reductions in cost and thus defers their buy. Speculations begins declining prompting decline in salary and utilization, bank credit psychologist and costs decline. At this stage the procedure of downturn is finished and the economy enters the period of sadness. To sum up this: - Consumer spending falls - Investment spending falls - Inventories gather - Firms profit’s decay - Business Failure increment Sorrow And Trough. This is the period of relativity low financial movement. It demonstrates fall underway, expanded joblessness and a quick fall in the general value file. Laborers lose their employment, account holders think that its hard to take care of their obligations, and interest in stock turns out to be less productive. At the profundity of misery, every single financial action contact the base and period of trough is reached. More vulnerable firms are dispensed with from the business. Now, the procedure of sadness is finished. Because of joblessness, work begins working at lower compensation. Purchaser anticipates no further decrease in cost and begin spending. Consequently request gets. Stock costs fall during downturn; the costs of crude material fall quicker than the costs of the completed items. Thusly gainfulness will in general increment after the trough. Producers’ begin supplanting worth-out capital, speculation gets and business bit by bit increments. Following this interest expands, bank credit turns out to be effectively accessible at a lower rate. Because of increment in pay and utilization, the multiplier impact builds the financial exercises. The period of misery reaches a conclusion over timeâ depending on the speed of recuperation. To sum up this: - The defining moment in the cycle †the finish of withdrawal - Characterized by high joblessness and low buyer request comparative with industry limit - Greatest time of abundance limit over the cycle - Business benefits are low or negative - Some costs are falling other unaltered - Consumers and firms assumptions regarding future are grim Recuperation. It begins when costs further quit falling. Makers see no hazard in attempted creation. Firms utilize inert ability to build creation. This produces work and pay, which makes extra interest for shopper merchandise and enterprises. Agent when acknowledge increment in productivity. Henceforth they accelerate creation apparatus. Representative beginnings expanding their inventories, shopper begin purchasing increasingly more of strong merchandise and assortment things. With this procedure getting up to speed, the economy enters the period of extension and thriving. The cycle is in this manner complete. To sum up this: - Employment, creation, costs and wages start to ascend at generally a similar time - Expectations of buyers and firms idealistic or good - Investment spending increments - Consumer request rises Reasons for Cycles. Financial analysts didn't attempt to decide the reasons for business cycles until the expanding seriousness of financial downturns turned into a significant worry in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. Two outer elements that have been recommended as potential causes are sunspots and mental patterns. The sunspot hypothesis of the British financial specialist William Jevons was once generally acknowledged. As per Jevons, sunspots influence meteorological conditions. That is, during times of sunspots, climate conditions are frequently progressively serious. Jevons felt that sunspots influenced the amount and nature of reaped crops; in this way, they influenced the economy. A mental hypothesis of business cycles, planned by the British financial analyst Arthur Pigou, states that the positive thinking or negativity of business pioneers may impact a monetary pattern. A few legislators have plainly bought in to this hypothesis. During the early long stretches of the Great Depression, for example, President Herbert Hoover attempted to show up freely idealistic about the intrinsic life of the American economy, in this way wanting to invigorate an upsurge. A few financial speculations of the reasons for business cycles have been created. As per the under utilization hypothesis, recognized especially with the British financial specialist John Hobson, imbalance of pay causes monetary decreases. The market gets glutted with merchandise in light of the fact that the poor can't stand to purchase, and the rich can't expend everything they can bear. Thus, the rich amass investment funds that are not reinvested underway, in view of inadequate interest for products. This reserve funds gathering disturbs financial balance and starts a pattern of creation reductions. The Austrian-American financial analyst Joseph Schumpeter, a defender of the advancement hypothesis, related rises of the business cycle to new creations, which invigorate interest in capital-products enterprises. Since new innovations are grown unevenly, business conditions should then again beâ expansive and latent. The Austrian-conceived market analysts Friedrich von Hayek and Ludwig von Mises bought in to the overinvestment hypothesis. They proposed that insecurity is the intelligent result of extending creation to the

Essay Topics For All Seasons

Essay Topics For All SeasonsAn essay topic for all seasons is composed of facts, experiences, and opinion. It is the key ingredient in writing a successful essay. These factors are imperative when analyzing the topic of an essay.You have to consider the age, sex, and characteristics of various types of people and include them in your essays. Keep in mind that there are different kinds of individuals: young, old, inexperienced, strong, intelligent, shy, vain, and even a flamboyant personality. You have to evaluate these traits in each individual so you can write about them.Write different types of essays, and then combine the same topic with essay topics from different types of people. Compose a response to a different type of essays. This way, you will learn how to compose essay topics that will stand out among other. Use different words that best describe each individual's traits. When writing about an old married couple, use words such as 'sacrifices', 'every bit', 'at times', 'alw ays', 'frequently', 'often', 'out of place', 'old habits', 'old feuds', 'poorly understood', 'persistent', 'problems with the children', 'their duties', 'quality of life', 'way of living', 'social standing', 'rewards', 'backwards', 'bitter', 'shared food', 'support', 'supporters', 'being misunderstood', 'doubts', 'misunderstandings', 'challenges', 'at times making up', 'compromise', 'touching', 'trusting', 'philosophical disagreements', 'humor', 'difficulties', 'hatred', 'you may encounter', 'disasters', 'innovations', 'existing problems', 'lack of education', 'selfishness', 'individualistic behavior', 'fears', 'obsession', 'indecision', 'something special', 'outsiders view', 'saved', 'terrible disappointments', 'discourage', 'personalities', 'useful'wonderful'.You must make sure that you choose topics that encompass and highlight the unique points and characteristics of each person. This will help you make a quality written essay. If you are really interested in this idea, then why not explore the idea?A lot of essays get their topics wrong because they do not take into consideration the characters involved. Therefore, it is very important to know the fact about what each character is like before you make a choice on what topic to write about. Write about things that are unusual and different about each person and reflect on why each one has become popular. Remember that it is only natural for you to write about the unique traits of the opposite sex.Remember that writing about something that interests you is always an interesting topic. It will be very beneficial for you to write a response to essays that include the same topic. You can also ask your instructor or classmates to read an essay that you have written on the same topic. You will find it interesting to read others' reaction to your essay.This is a common topic among students because they do not like a topic that is 'too hot' for them. The same happens to young and old people. Each person does not l ike to be overwhelmed by a topic. Thus, if you are writing about a controversial topic, you can add that information to your body of work.Writing about essay topics is easy. You just have to consider several things. Of course, it is wise to determine the mood of the essay before you write it. In addition, you should also consider a variety of topics to write about.

Ethical Dilemma Of Assisted Suicide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1099 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Assisted Suicide Essay Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? The topic of Assisted suicide has many different types of viewpoints and ethical questions. Some agree with the decision of ending ones life under certain circumstances with the help of a physician and others disagree and would say its an unethical act. There are two different kinds of definitions when describing assisted suicide. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Dilemma Of Assisted Suicide" essay for you Create order Euthanasia is when the administration of the lethal medication is done by someone other than the patients, usually the physician, and results in ending their life (Harris, Richard, Khanna, 2006). Physician assisted suicide is giving the patient the knowledge and option to take their own life and the final act is performed by the patient (Harris, Richard, Khanna, 2006). The ethical dilemma is between those that believe assisted suicide is ethical or unethical. Those that believe its unethical stand behind the belief and argue that its better to use and develop terminal care and palliative care for the patient resulting in there no longer having a need for assisted suicide (Harris, Richard, Khanna, 2006). If a patient is getting the proper treatment and medication t Other concerns that have been argued is that if assisted suicide where to be legislated it would lead to a slippery slope and has the ability to evolve from assisted suicide being voluntary and the patients decision leading to euthanasia and having it be done against the patients wishes. Its important to protect elderly, mentally incompetent and disabled individuals from having the stigma that their way of life is a burden and their suffering is not worth living (Harris, Richard, Khanna, 2006). The argument in favor of assisted suicide includes the beliefs that even with the use of palliative care, it fully does not relief the patient from suffering and destress the them (Harris, Richard, Khanna, 2006). Terminally ill patients request for the assisted death and its their right to decide what happens and the timing of their death. Terminally ill patients usually have no other options for treatment and end up dying a slow and painful death. The act of suicide is not illegal and if doctors have the means to end life in a quick and painless manner then its an individuals decision to make that decision for themselves. Possible answers to this ethical dilemma is having safeguards in place to protect individuals who might not have the capacity to fully understand their decision making. This can be done by having two doctors check off on the patients decision to go through with the assisted suicide and make sure their mental health and comprehensive capacity is well. The doctors must agree that the patient qualifies and has a terminal illness that is leaving them to live their life suffering and they agrees with the decision to carry out the suicide. The patient must have a written consent request for the lethal medication. The patient has a fourteen-day period before going forward with the administration giving them time to decide if that is what they truly want for themselves. Those that oppose assisted suicide believe the answer to the dilemma is to increase development of palliative care. Palliative care is the approach of help improving the patients life by the relief of suffering and pain when they have a life-threatening illness. The use of this kind of approach gives the patient the ability to die with dignity. Ethical principles that are included in the for assisted suicide and against argument includes Autonomy, beneficence, non- maleficence and justice. Those in favor believe that autonomy gives patients the right to decide for themselves what they want to do with their life and when they can die. The patient should be able to die in dignity on their own terms instead of having to suffer. If doctor has the ability to save lifes then what stops them from taking it away when it is wanted by the patient. Beneficence which is defined as doing good, can be argued by saying the patient is suffering and it would be doing good to ultimately reliving the patient from that pain and destressing them. Non-maleficence which means to do no harm can be argued to say if the doctor chooses not to address the patients request to relieve the pain and hardships then this can be detrimental to the patients and the medical providers relationship. Justice which can be defined as societal implication, c an be argued that regulatory safeguards ensure the protection for individuals that have disabilities and mental incompetents that could be harmed by the action of assisted suicide. The argument against assisted suicide believes the ethical principle autonomy is over ridden by the sanctity of life (Harris, Richard, Khanna, 2006). If people with terminal illness are able to request assisted suicide, then people are non-terminals can also argue that they autonomously request the lethal medication as well. There should be balance between appreciation for life and human dignity. Beneficence is argued that assisted death is not doing good because the medical provider is abandoning the patient. Non-maleficence is augured that assisted suicide is harmful to the patient and doctor relationship as well has is harmful to the integrity of the medical profession within society (Harris, Richard, Khanna, 2006). The last ethical principle Justice can be argued that vulnerable groups in society for example the mental incompetent and disabled may begin to start requesting assisted suicide. In this dilemma both viewpoints make an excellent argument and have key points that are compelling. The act of Euthanasia is completely unethical because the patient is not the one deciding it and completing the final action. For me this isnt an easy yes or no question when talking about physician-assisted suicide, I can see the argument on both sides. That being side in my opinion I would side more with the argument that assisted suicide is not ethical. Yes, I think the patient does have a right to decide what they can do with their life. Healthcare is defined as the maintenance and improvement of physical and mental health. Health care providers are there to help improve the patients life not end it, now if the patients wants to end their life then yes I agree that is there decision to do so, no one should have a say in what they decide to do, but in my opinion a doctor should not be involved in that decision and give them the means to carry it out for doctors are there to improve their health can do good for the patients. I also understand the argument that if terminal patients can argue autonomy then what stops patients that are non-terminal from arguing the same thing.

The Theory Of Classical Conditioning - 1163 Words

Classical conditioning is based on an association between two stimuli and implies that we as organisms are rather passive in the learning process. Operant conditioning is based on a response and stimuli (i.e., consequences) that follow that response. Operant implies that organisms operate on the environment to produce consequences we anticipate based on previous active learning. Classical conditioning, the association between two stimuli is easily demonstrated in the media. For example, advertising professionals know that they have to pair their products with something that will trigger something in the audience. By pairing their products with something that makes people either happy, excited, or even hungry. They know that people will want to purchase their products. Coca Cola has been pairing their products with Christmas for years. Christmas naturally makes most people happy and excited for the holiday season. During the Coca Cola Christmas commercial for 2010, it starts with Santa running through a parking lot. As it continues hundreds of red semi-trucks covered in white lights appear. Through the trees you catch a glimpse of the Coca Cola label and Santa sitting in a chair drinking a coke. While Christmas music plays children run to line the road to watch the trucks pass. As the commercial continues the music gets louder and more lights start to light up with trees. The commercial then flashes to a father reading a Christmas story to his son while sharingShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning929 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. 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Use Of Professional Literacy Terminology Throughout Your...

Lesson Reflection Directions: Research notes proximate reflection is a critical part of learning (Kolb, 1984; Schà ¶n, 1991). Fill in your responses in each box. Use professional literacy terminology throughout your reflection per the rubric. What did you learn about learners and teaching/learning? I learned more about the level of learners that I have in my class. My mentor teacher told me some names of high and low level learners, but observing them being taught and teaching them are two very different realities. I also learned that even my high level learners were struggling second grade counting skills (ex: ten more, ten less). This lesson also re-emphasized the importance of modeling learning for students (I do, we do, they do).†¦show more content†¦Gabby seems to be distracted during the entirety of the lesson. I think she is confused by a lot of the information being presented. I realized that once Ms. McDavid came and sat next to her during the lesson, she became more engaged during the whole group instruction. For my next lesson, I may try sitting her by an adult in the room and have them proving some scaffold for her during the whole group instruction. Jose is one of my ESL students. He really struggles with counting and reading. I found that he did better working in the small group, than independently at his desk. He was more successful and completing the math problems correctly once the questions were read aloud for him. For my next lesson, I will continue to pull him for small group instruction so I can focus on determining his math skills. How can you be better prepared (what support/skills do you need for next week)? To better prepare for my next lesson, I think having access to the grade level plans would help. Having access to exactly what I need to follow out of the Eureka books and what I need to add/take away would make my feel more secure, knowing I have all the elements that the students need to be taught. For my next lesson, I would also like to spend more time practicing aloud prior to teaching. I feel like I need to work on how I prep for lesson, so that I can make sure I am fully prepared. 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It may also be a required part of proposals. The main purpose of a review of related literature is to analyze scientific works by other researchers that you used for investigationRead MoreInternational Marketing Research10714 Words   |  43 Pagesfridge doors large enough to accommodate the large size bottle (Payne, website). 3 Promotion: When Pepsico advertised Pepsi in Taiwan with the ad â€Å"Come Alive With Pepsi† they had no idea that it would be translated into Chinese as â€Å"Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead.† b. Racial Differences: This would refer to the differences in physical features of people in different countries. For example, the types of hair care and cosmetic products needed in U.S would differ from those needed

Commercial Law Defenses to Negligence

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Law Defenses to Negligence. Answer: Introduction A tort is a civil wrong done, where the act undertaken by an individual turn into a harm or loss for the other party (Emanuel and Emanuel, 2008). In Australia, negligence is considered as a tort. Negligence occurs when there is a failure on the part of an individual, to fulfill the duty of care which they owed to another individual, which translates into harm, injury or loss to such other party. By fixing a liability on the party which failed to fulfill its duty, the damages can be recovered by the party harmed (Latimer, 2012). The following parts cover the analysis of the case of Anna and Trevor to highlight the applicability of different aspects of negligence in their case. Negligence When an individual undertakes any act, they owe a duty of care towards the other person, who may be harmed due to the actions taken by such individual. In case such a duty remains unfulfilled or is breached, a case of negligence can arise (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). This principle was established so as to fix a duty of undertaken reasonable care while carrying out any activity by the individuals, and to safeguard the other from any harm, which is easily foreseeable (Lambiris and Griffin, 2016). Upon a case of negligence been established, the party harmed can claim damages, as a compensation for the injury. To establish that negligence actually took place, the elements like duty of care, breach of duty, and damages have to be established (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). Duty of Care The first and foremost thing, to be established in the case of negligence is the duty of care, as this is the key thing upon which the entire case of negligence is based. A legal obligation is placed through the duty of care, upon the individual carrying on the particular task, which could result in an injury or loss. A case, which is quoted time and again in cases of negligence, is the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100, also known as the Snail in the bottle case. In this case, Donoghue had consumed ginger beer from a bottle while sitting in a caf in Paisley, Renfrewshire. A dead snail was found in the bottle which made Donoghue sick and she sued Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer bottle for negligence. The court established that Stevenson owed a duty of care to its customers and the deal snail was a breach of this duty. Hence, Donoghue was successful in recovering damages for Stevensons negligence (British and Irish Legal Information Institute, 2017). In the given scenario, being the operator of the tour, Trevor had a responsibility and obligation of ensuring that his clients were safe. So, a duty of care was owed by Trevor to the members taking his tour. Applying Donoghue v Stevenson, in the manner as Stevenson owed a duty of care towards its customers, being the tour operator Trevor owed a duty of care to the people taking the tour. Breach After establishing that the duty of care was indeed owed by the individual, to show that negligence took place, it has to be proved that this duty of care was breached (Turner, 2013). When the actions of the individual are such that the duty which was owed is not fulfilled and more so, breached, negligence can be established. When the individual fails to consider the possibility of a harm, damage or loss, which a prudent individual, in similar circumstances would undertake, it also contributes towards the breach of duty (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). In the established case of Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490 (CP), due to the poor ventilation, the haystack of the defendant caught fire. Before this incident, the defendant had been warned on several instances that due to the poor ventilation, a fire could set off. The defendant argued that the risk of fire was not foreseeable when the fire really took place, and even went on to state that his best judgment had been used in this case. The best judgment of the defendant was held insufficient by the judge. This was because the judge believed that a prudent individual would have paid heed to the numerous warnings and the best judgment would have been of such a prudent individual. So, the defendant was held to have breached the duty of care in the quoted case (Commonwealth Legal Information Institute, 2017). In given scenario, it has been already established that Trevor owed a duty of care to all the individuals who participated in his tour. And so, he had to make certain that none of the parties were harmed or injured. He left the tour members unsupervised for a long time period when he went on to search a new location. This led to the delay in the schedule of the entire tour and hence, the return time was pushed to the night. Due to the darkness that had fallen with night, Anna failed in making out the root of the tree and stumbled upon it, which resulted in her injury. Trevor had failed in fulfilling the duty of care towards its tour members. This establishes that there has been a breach of duty of care. Also, applying Vaughan v Menlove, any prudent person would have ensured that the schedule of tour was kept up. In case there was a delay in the timings of the tour, then proper care should have been taken to safeguard the individuals from such incidents. This risk was clearly foreseeable, and as a tour operator, Trevor should have been aware about it. This further affirms a breach of duty of care by Trevor. Damage Unless and until, the breach of duty of care does not result in an injury, harm or loss to some other person, a case of negligence cannot be established. So, when there is a case of breach of duty of care, the result of such a breach has to be a loss, injury or harm for the party to the individual to whom this duty of care was owed (Statsky, 2011). This injury has to be substantial and a negligible injury would not establish negligence. For claiming damages under negligence, the injury has to be substantial enough that damages can be claimed upon it and a negligible or a remote injury would not attract any amount of damages (Harvey and Marston, 2009). This can also assist in claiming damages which are in nature of non-pecuniary, and an example of such non-pecuniary damages is the damages awarded for emotional or mental distress (Holmes, 2017). There has to be a direct causation between the injury and the actions undertaken by the individual to establish a case of negligence. In addition to the direct causation, the loss has to be foreseeable. Unless and until, a loss is foreseeable, a party cannot take steps to avoid the injury (Greene, 2013). For instance, an earthquake is not foreseeable and hence, a claim in such case cannot be made. In the Wagon Mount case, otherwise known as the Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2, the real cause of the fire was held to be remote and so, the damages for the fire were not ordered to be paid by the defendant (H2O, 2016). In given scenario, the injury was foreseeable as any person, whether a professional or novice, could easily trip on a tree branch at night time, due to the acute darkness. Further, Trevor had clear knowledge that the chances of falling at the night time in a trek were significantly higher as compared to day time, and this is the reason why he avoided the tours at night time. In the past, this had already resulted in injury to Trevors clients. This affirmed the foreseeability of the loss. There was also a direct causation between the injury that Anna received and the failure of duty of care by Trevor in keeping his tour members safe at night time. Due to the presence of foreseeability, direct causation, and a significant injury due to the breach of duty of care, a case of negligence can be easily established. Defense A common defense used in the case of negligence is the defense of contributory negligence (Find Law, 2017). When there is a failure on part of the injured party, in taking the due care, which could safeguard them due to an injury resulting from the breach of duty of another person, a case of contributory negligence is established. In case a contributory negligence of the plaintiff is established, then the damages which are to be paid to the plaintiff are reduced according to the contribution of the plaintiff in such an injury (Dongen, 2014). In the case of Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291, Davies was standing at the side of the lorry and this was taken as a contributing factor in the injuries which Davies received. Because of this contributory negligence of Davies, the damages awarded by the court, to him, were reduced in the appropriate proportions (Swarb, 2016). In given scenario, Anna drank up wine from the bottle which she had brought with her to the tour. Trevor had never provided any alcohol to Anna; moreover, he only gave the tour members sandwiches, and water. In addition to this, upon being offered wine by Anna, the other tour members had refused it. The consumption of wine made tipsy, which contributed towards the injury she received, as she was not her best while trekking. Trevor had clearly laid down a requirement of wearing sensible clothing, as well as, shoes for the trek, to all the members taking the tour. And yet, Anna changed her shoes for high heels, which increased her chances of falling or tripping while trekking. Trevor was unaware that Anna was intoxicated or that Anna had changed her footwear. So, Anna contributed towards her injury. And as was established in the case of Davies v Swan Motor Co, the acts of Anna contributed towards the injury, in the same manner as it did for Davies by standing at the side of lorry. Not once, but Anna, through her acts, contributed towards her injury twice and that too in a grave manner. Intoxication plus improper gear were two major factors which contributed towards her injury and so she would be liable for contributory negligence. Remedies As highlighted earlier, when a negligence of an individual is established, a claim for damages can be made by the party injured or harmed, and this is in form of monetary compensation (Turner, 2013). And both pecuniary and non pecuniary losses can be claimed for negligence of an individual. A momentous case with regard to damages awarded for mental distress is the case of Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344, where even though the plaintiff was not awarded the cost of the cruise, but for the mental distress caused due to the sinking of ship and the loss of belongings of the passenger, the plaintiff was awarded damages (Holmes, 2017). The Civil Liability Act (QLD) dictates that in case of a contributory negligence, the damages awarded in case of negligence to the plaintiff would be reduced by the amount of the contributory negligence of the plaintiff. The reduction percentage of the contributory negligence is decided upon the discretion of the court of law (Hayes Gabriel, 2017). Section 47 of the Civil Liability Act provides that when, at the time of the negligence incident resulting in an injury, the plaintiff is intoxicated, whether under the influence of alcohol or drugs, then the damages awarded to the plaintiff are liable to be reduced by a percentage of 25 and even higher in cases where the court deems fit (Lavercombe, 2012). Due to the injury resulting out of negligence of Trevor, Anna would have to be compensated for both the pecuniary and non pecuniary damages. But as there is no direct causation between the willful closure of the caf by Anna and her injury due to negligence of Trevor, she cannot claim damages in form of lost income of twelve months. However, the amount of damages that would be awarded to Anna would have to be reduced by the percentage of contributory negligence. Due to Anna being intoxicated, this would be a minimum of 25%. In addition to this, the judge may award a higher percentage as Anna violated the guidelines given by Trevor to wear proper gear for trekking by wearing high heels. The final amount of damages awarded to Anna, would hence depend upon the verdict of the court of law. Conclusion The applicability of the rules and case laws, with the given scenario highlights that Trevor owed a duty of care towards the tour members and he failed in fulfilling this duty, which resulted in serious harm to Anna. And so, Trevor is liable for negligence and would have to pay damages to Anna. However, due to the contributory negligence of Anna, the damages awarded to her would be reduced by 25% or more. References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business law. 8th ed. London: Thompson Learning. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (2017) Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 (26 May 1932). [Online] British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1932/100.html [Accessed on 02/03/17] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. (2017) Vaughan v Menlove. [Online] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1837/424.pdf [Accessed on 02/03/17] Dongen, E.V. (2014) Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Emanuel, S., and Emanuel, L. (2008) Torts. New York: Aspen Publishers. Find Law. (2017) Defenses to Negligence Claims. [Online] Find Law. Available from: https://injury.findlaw.com/accident-injury-law/defenses-to-negligence-claims.html [Accessed on 02/03/17] Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014) Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Greene, B. (2013) Course Notes: Tort Law. Oxon: Routledge. H2O. (2016) Wagon Mound (No. 1) -- "The Oil in the Wharf Case". [Online] H2O. Available from: https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/4919 [Accessed on 02/03/17] Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Hayes Gabriel. (2017) What is Contributory Negligence?. [Online] Hayes Gabriel. Available from: https://hayesgabriel.com.au/compensation-law/contributory-negligence/ [Accessed on 02/03/17] Holmes, R. (2017) Mental Distress Damages For Breach Of Contract. [Online] Victoria University of Wellington. Available from: https://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/research/publications/vuwlr/prev-issues/pdf/vol-35-2004/issue-3/holmes.pdf [Accessed on 02/03/17] Kelly, D., Hammer, R., and Hendy, J. (2014) Business Law. 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Lambiris, M., and Griffin, L. (2016) First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lavercombe, D. (2012) Intoxication and contributory negligence: common law vs the Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD). [Online] Lexology. Available from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=895104f1-fc0c-47bc-b875-79470fa98eb9 [Accessed on 02/03/17] Statsky, W.P. (2011) Essentials of Torts. 3rd ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Swarb. (2016) Davies v Swan Motor Co (Swansea) Ltd: CA 1949. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/davies-v-swan-motor-co-swansea-ltd-ca-1949/ [Accessed on 02/03/17] Trindade, F., Cane, P. and Lunney, M. (2007) The law of torts in Australia. 4th ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Turner, C. (2013) Unlocking Torts. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge.

If I Were a Man by Charlotte Perkins Gilman free essay sample

In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"If I Were a Man† she successfully shows the subconscious thinking of a young woman who wishes with her heart and soul she would become a man. The story is based on a young woman named Mollie Mathewson, who ends up becoming her husband due to her wishes to be a man. She then goes throughout the day as her husband, Gerald. â€Å"She was Gerald, walking down the path so erect and square-shouldered, in a hurry for his morning train, as usual, and, it must be confessed, in something of a temper† (Gilman 50). Gilman successfully brings this story to life by taking a third-person limited omniscient point of view, which allows us to see inside her innermost thoughts. Mollie Mathewson longs to be a man, because at this time men have all the power and pride women don’t. She is envious of all the things men can have. We will write a custom essay sample on If I Were a Man by Charlotte Perkins Gilman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"She felt what she had never felt before in all her life-the possession of money, of her own earned money-hers to give or to withhold, not to beg for, tease for, wheedle for-hers† (Gilman 51). For the first time in her life she gets to see what its like to have money that she does not have to share with anyone else. Men get to make the money while women stay home and take care of things around the house. Mollie now gets to experience life outside the house, and she also gets to feel what it’s like to not have to report to anyone. She is her own person now. During her day as Gerald she begins to take on his thoughts. She begins to think about women’s fashion and business sense. She particularly starts to dislike women’s hats. With the eyes of a man and the brain of a man; with the memory of a whole lifetime of free action wherein the hat, close-fitting on cropped hair, had been no handicap; now she perceived the hats of women† (Gilman 52). It’s interesting the way Mollie is taking on her husband’s thoughts. The reader would never think Mollie would think of women’s hats this way. The reader would think in spite of her being a man she would still think like a woman. On the train to work Mollie comes across a few men that Gerald rides the morning train with, and they begin having a biased discussion about women, that Mollie takes part in it. They talk about how women get whatever they want once they’ve got their mind made up and how men are smarter than women. Suddenly Mollie tells the men it’s time to wake up. She explains that women are pretty much the same as they are. Men and women are both people. Another thing Mollie said that is the most important quote of the story is, â€Å"As for Mother Eve-I wasn’t there and can’t deny the story, but I will say this. If she brought evil into the world, we men have had the lion’s share of keeping it going ever since-how about that? † (Gilman 55). Gilman shows men blame women for the way the world is, but it is both men and women who should equally be blamed for what goes on in the world. In the story the reader gets a feel for what Mollie is experiencing during her day as her husband Gerald. Charlotte Perkins Gilman does an amazing job getting her point across using the third-person limited omniscient point of view. At the end of the story Gerald is now conscious of new views and feelings about women that he never had before. Without Gilman’s use of the third-person limited omniscient point of view the reader wouldn’t have gotten that much out of the story.

Growing up, an analysis of isolation in winesburg, ohio.

Growing up, an analysis of isolation in winesburg, ohio. The back cover to the Viking Critical Library Edition of 'Winesburg, Ohio' by Sherwood Anderson reads: "'Winesburg, Ohio' is Sherwood Anderson's 1919 volume of interconnected stories about an ordinary small town whose citizens struggle with extraordinary dreams and grotesque disappointments" (Back cover; Viking Critical Library Edition of 'Winesburg, Ohio' by Sherwood Anderson, edited by John H. Ferres, Viking Press, 1996). The novel by the North-American writer is a collection of short stories, about the life, emotions and feelings of the townspeople of a fictional 1890s town. Emotions that sustain throughout the whole of 'Winesburg, Ohio' are isolation and loneliness, "particularly as these emotions take their source from failure of affection or of creative expression" (Edwin Fussell,'Winesburg, Ohio': Art and Isolation; The Achievement of Sherwood Anderson edited by Ray Lewis White, Chapel Hill Books, 1966). Furthermore an unknown author states that "The figures of 'Winesburg, Ohi o' usually personify a condition of psychic deformity which is the consequence of some crucial failure in their lives.[Grocery store, Mt. Orab, Ohio, Route 74] (LOC)Misogyny, inarticulateness, frigidity, God-infatuation, homosexuality, drunkenness - these are symptoms of their recoil from the regularities of human intercourse" (unknown author, studynet.com/novels/winesburg/isolation/).Failure of communication, the incompetence of self-expression and the universal condition of loneliness and isolation are emotions that tie together Sherwood Anderson's compilation of short stories, as well as the tale of the book's main character George Willard, who in the end will learn to accept these emotions and thus achieves maturity. Being the town's newspaper reporter, George becomes the person of contact for most of the town's citizens who suffer from isolation and loneliness. Therefore I am going to analyse how isolation manifests itself within Sherwood Anderson's novel 'Winesburg, Ohio'. I will do so by showing how the...

Mattel Toy Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mattel Toy Company - Essay Example In August 2007, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission asked the consumers to stop buying 967,000 pieces of a certain toy manufactured by Fisher Price which is a subsidiary of Mattel Company (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2008). These toys were recalled because the lead in paints used in toys was180 times more than the quantity allowed by law (ODonnell, 2007). This quantity of this toxic was clearly excessive and could cause a great deal of harm to the children who used it (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2008). Besides this, a few of Products produced by Mattel Company were also said to contain small magnets which were very dangerous for the young children who played with those toys because of the harm to swallowing them. How did Mattel Toy Company respond to this situation? Any company that wants to stay in the market, be it a giant and a leading company like Mattel Toy Company would assure the society that the company is concerned about them. The first step that it took was to check their products immediately and consider itself accountable. It acknowledged that the lead in their paints was 0.11 percent while only 0.06 percent was allowed (ODonnell, 2007). Mattel Toy Company also recognized its responsibility and immediately identified and recalled about 1.5 Million products that were dangerous. According to one source, the company gave the consumers the benefit to return the products that were announced to contain excessive amount of lead in the paint (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2008). Besides this, it also recalled all its toys that were said to contain small magnets. This was the result of deaths and surgeries of young children because of ingesting these small parts. The toys that were recalled because of magnets amounted to 18 Million (Mattel, 2007). All the recall information was posted on the internet and all the consumers were made aware

MPH599 - Culminating Project Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

MPH599 - Culminating Project Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example Theyre also number one on the list for children who have obesity. Risk factors for children to become type II diabetics, include, overweight and obesity, as well as distribution of body fat, high or low birth weight and rapid weight gain in children, physical inactivity and sedentary pastimes, fetal exposure to maternal gestational diabetes, failure to recover from the dynamic metabolic system changes of puberty when overweight or obese, and signs of insulin resistance untreated. Being a member of ethnic populations such as the American black, Mexican American, and Native American increases risk this disease. Essentially every civilized country in the world has had a sudden increase in children who are obese and therefore, children who have type II diabetes. Spain and the UK are second and third in numbers of children who have obesity as well as type II diabetes. Unfortunately type II diabetes in children leads to early hypertension and cardiovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. The fact that these children are so overweight causes a great deal of difficulty maintaining joints and these children as they hit early adulthood often havening degenerative joint disease. Appropriate screening and follow-up education on such issues as nutrition, number of hours in front of the television set, or number of hours playing video games is important in the school systems today. The average child who develops early-onset diabetes is usually in the age range of 5 to 15.(Healthy people 2020). Type II diabetes in children is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Thereve been more than $2 trillion spent nationally on health care issues related to child type II diabetes. This actually only amounts to 3% of all public health activity. Its already estimated 250,000 more public health workers will be needed by 2020 to handle the number of issues that are growing, with childhood as well as adult diabetes as

Information System Essay Example for Free

Information System Essay The introduction of information system has heave effect on arising of ethical, social and political issues. These issues should be dealt with at individual, social and political levels. The computer professional and users have the responsibility of maintaining relationship with each other given that critical decision made poses significant consequences to the involved parties. Ethical issues are those principles of what is right and wrong that can be used by individuals acting morally as they make choices that guide their view towards new information technology. They have to behave ethically by not stealing, being honest, keeping promises and doing ones job right for computer users. Consequently, computer professionals are to follow good professional standards and practices, educate non computer professionals on how the systems affect people (Alter, 1999). They are also to ensure the latest knowledge and technology is attained through high level of professional competence. Thus the five ethical, social and political issues in information system that call for moral steps to be taken in making decisions are; The information rights and obligations Individuals and organizations should have rights and obligation on information so that they are able to protect their information in the system. The ethical issue here are on what condition should privacy be raided or what justifiable self-effacing inspection. Socially, people have to be ascertained privacy when using the information system. But will the expectation of the society be extended to criminal conspirators. Politically, are securities teams monitor or maintain individuals’ data from sites? Property rights and obligations There should be a way of protecting the traditional intellectual property rights in a digital society. This will facilitate tracing and accounting for information ownership by eliminating difficulties associated with property rights. In respect to social issues, the society should be in a position of sharing information so as to eliminate law breakers and politically, the government should protect investment of creators by setting new protection measures needed. Accountability and control The issue of who is to be held accountable or liable for the harm done to individuals or for the collective information and property rights. The ethical issue is on who is responsible morally for the consequences of the use of hardware or software. Socially, the issue brought out is on what the expectation of the society should be in allowing service provision from information system or can people be in a position of trusting the quality of the software, data (Gupta, 2000). In addition, the political issues of on what extent should the government intervene so that it may protect service providers and users. System quality The standards of data and quality of system should be defined that society should demand in order to protect individuals’ rights and the safety in the society. Ethically, the point at which services are to be released for consumption has to be defined. On social issues, whether people are to be convinced that the information systems are infallible and politically whether laws of accountability and responsibility should be set (Alter, 2006). The government has to step in and develop standards on the quality of data, software and hardware. Quality of life Certain values have to be preserved in an information and knowledge-based society against violation. The information should be in a position of supporting the cultural values and practices. Information system has led to reengineering of work, health risks like computer vision syndrome and radiation from display screens. In addition, it weakens traditional boundaries; it is vulnerable to system failures, slow responses to change due to efficient market place and problems associated with centralized policy decisions (Curtis Cobham, 2008). Even though information system poses several issues to business, it must be incorporated in business operations for it is vital in coordination and communication within the business. Additionally, the benefits of information system are much more than the few shortcomings it carries. 2. An information system refers to the combination of information technology and people’s activities while using the technology in order to support operations, management and ease decision making. In essence, it’s the interaction between people, processes, data and technology (Beynon-Davies, 2009). It helps in controlling the performance of business processes. An information system works in a way that human and machines perform tasks to produce products and services for customers. Information system is made up of several components of management, organization and technology. These are; the people, hardware, software, data, network resources, types of information products and the way the components perform i.e. input, processing, output and storage through controlled activities. People resources are made up of end users and information system specialists while hardware consists of machines and media. The soft ware resources comprises of programs and procedures in storage of information and processing while data consists of data and knowledge sources (Mader, 1979). Network resources are made up of communications media and network which facilitate technology in innovation and communication. 3. In an organization, information system is vital given that it helps in decision making by employees and managers. Additionally, it wires an organization strategy for competitive advantage through innovation using information system and facilitating business processes and operations. In a business, information system provides managers with important information about sales, inventories and all other vital data that will help in managing an organization (Edwards, 2001). It facilitates effective communication between the different levels of management through collection, processing, storing and dissemination of data in the organization. I believe that information system is very important in the organization for it enhances communication within the organization. By incorporating modern information technology in management of the business, managers will be able to come up with decision with much ease. Furthermore, it provides essential data for analysis of performance of various levels in the business thus enabling motivation, training, recruitment and promotion. Lastly, it provides data and analysis which are useful in making good decision of how, when and where to employ human resources in order to achieve the goal of the organization. 4. Â   I agree that there is a sustainable competitive advantage in business. Sustainable competitive advantage can only be attained through the use of information system where it facilitates innovation and decision making that will enable a business to remain competitive in the market (O’Brien, 2008). The organization will therefore make use of information technology to reengineer internal processes of the business thus cutting on cost and ensuring quality products making them to remain competitive in the market. In short, a sustainable competitive advantage is possible with implementation of effective information system with proper and focused management.

Gateway Essay -- essays research papers

Gateway Inc. Issues:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The US personal computer market continued to struggle and Dell had just lowered its prices about 20%. As a result, its stock price rose 13% and it gained more market share.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How should Gateway respond to Dell and its recent price cuts? o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lowering Gateway prices could jeopardize gross profit margins o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conversely, unit sales were already down so there was the threat of additional sales loss  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resource Allocation: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should Gateway focus on US consumer sales more or US business sales?  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Keeping in mind that Gateway planned to discontinue company-owned operations outside North America at the end of 2001 o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How should Gateway run its sales and advertising operations? (Keeping in mind, the 2001 advertising budget is about $20 million less than in 1999 at $239.6 million)  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How much emphasis should be placed on PC’s and PC-related units v. â€Å"beyond-the-box† products and services?  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where should Gateway’s marketing efforts be directing customers: telephone and its website or to its Country Stores?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operating issues in regards to selling, general and administrative (s, g, a) expenses: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overall company s, g, a expenses would decline due to:  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Closing of North America manufacturing, sales and service operations  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reduction in the number of Country Stores  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Less advertising fees and expenditures  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End of alliance with OfficeMax o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, decisions about continued s, g, a expenses still needed to be made:  §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does the Gateway store concept need more thought pertaining to Gateway’s business model of operating as built-to-order?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gateway’s gross margin and operating costs needed attention in order to once again be profitable o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The influential aspects among its customer sales mix, its product sales mix and its sales mix across its 3 distribution channels needed to be monitored a... ...f both and combat Dell’s lower prices. Ways in which this could potentially happen is by offering basic beyond-the-box products with the purchase of a PC and aggressively encourage upgrades and additional features customers can’t refuse. Another way to counter other PC manufactures is through differentiation. By Gateway focusing on operating its build-to-order method as efficiently as possible, exploiting its distinct third channel of stores and staying technologically as innovative as possible, it is able to differentiate itself apart from its competitors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, in addition to its pursuit of the consumer market, I think Gateway could benefit from more assertively targeting the business segment that has been ruled by Dell. It’s a fact, that PC’s sold for business-use tend to be of a higher quality and therefore, more expensive with higher margins. In 2000, 65% of Dell’s PC sales went towards the business sector whereas Gateway’s main market was from consumer sales, which is often less profitable. If Gateway could go after the business market, without completely losing its consumer sales base, it would be able to better compete, especially with Dell.

In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged

Coursework 2 Name: Mohamed Abdulwahab Exercise metabolism Title: In the light of the energy systems used during prolonged endurance events, critically analyse the nutritional strategies that a marathon runner should adopt before and whilst running a marathon in temperate environmental conditions (16-18oC). 1. Introduction: 1. 1 Energy intake: 1. 2 Fluid intake: 1. 3 Carbohydrate intake: 2. Building energy and fluid: 1. Before competition: 2. During competition: 3. Nutritional recommendation: 3. 0 Summary: 4. 0 Reference: 1. 0 Introduction:The term energy system refers to the body’s ability, or power, to do physical work. The energy system requires to do body work that takes several different forms: mechanical, electrical, light, radiant, and heat (Economos, 1993). Energy system is like matter, which can neither be created nor destroyed (Bortz, 1993). It can only be changed into another form; therefore energy is constant cycle in the body and environment (Nelson, 1993). Potenti al energy is stored energy which is ready to be used. Kinetics energy is active energy which can be used to do work (Burke, 1991). Energy balance n a physical activity requires a base of sound nutrition to supply the substrate fuels, which along with oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) meet widely varying levels of energy demand for body action (Gollan, 1991). Fuel sources are the basic energy nutrition in the diet, primarily carbohydrate and some fat (Read, 1991). Their metabolic products-glucose, glycogen, and fatty acids-provide ready fuel sourced for the chemical energy reactions within cells (Murray, 1998). The main energy compound of the body cells is needed during a marathon run is aerobic system (Horswill, 1998).It has rightly a form of energy currency of the cell. A long-term energy system, when exercising more than 2 minutes is required O2 dependant, or aerobic energy system (Pate, 1992). A constant supply of O2 in the blood is necessary for continued exercise (Branch, 1992). Espe cially cells organelles, the mitochondria are located within each cell, produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Hargreaves, 1996). The ATP is produced mainly from glucose and fatty acids and supplies the continued energy needs of the body (Dillo, 1996).When the fuel nutrition becomes depleted during exercise, as an energy demands increase the body burns blood glucose and muscle glycogen as well as reserves from fatty acids to provide energy (Angus, 1996). With prolonged exercise levels of these nutrition fail too low to sustain the body continued demands, fatigue followed and exhaustion threatens (Fabbriao, 1996). A marathon runner, energy system is defined as aerobic capacity, which depends on the body’s ability to deliver and the use of O2 in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of increased level of exercise (Coyle, 1986).O2 uptake increases with exercise intensity until either the demand is net or the ability to supply it is exceeded (Hammert, 1986). T he maximum rate that the body can take in O2, or aerobic capacity is called the Vo2max the maximum uptake volume of O2 (Ivy, 1986). This capacity determines the intensity and duration of exercise that an athlete can perform (Coyle, 1986). A long-distance race requires the sustained production of high rates of energy production, with the typical contribution of aerobic energy system varying according to the duration of the race (Costill, 1985).Aerobic metabolism accounts for the greater majority of the energy cost of long-distance events, especially half-marathon and marathon races (William, 1996). The elite level of long-distance running, particularly in males, is dominated by African runners, are outstanding competitor in half-marathon and marathon events (Wilson, 1996). 1. 1 Energy intake: Endurance athletes are involved in events where there is continuous movement for longer than 30 minutes (Burrin, 1996).Some endurance sports combine periods of slow, continuous movement with per iods of fast, quick burst of movement, and other endurance sports require continuous movement overlong-distances or time periods (Tsintzas, 1995). In the types of activity there is a premium on supplying sufficient energy and fluid to assure that the athlete does not become exhausted or over-heated from the continuous energy burn (Williams, 1995). A failure to supply sufficient energy of the right type will lead to early fatigue and poor athletic performance (Williams, 1995).The goal for the endurance athlete is therefore to establish a workable strategy for supplying sufficient energy and fluids (Williams, 1995). Before and during practice and competition to sustain muscular work for a long-duration and at the highest possible intensity (Wilson, 1995). Aerobic metabolism is the energy system of greatest importance for endurance athletes. In this energy pathway oxygen is used to help transfer phosphorus into new ATP molecules (Burrin, 1995). Aerobic metabolism occurs in the mitochon dria of the cells, where the vast majority of all ATP is produced from the entering acetyl-CoA, (Burrin, 1995).Fast can be converted to acetyl-CoA through a process called beta-oxidative metabolism pathway (Burrin, 1995). This pathway is very oxygen dependant which means that fast can only be burned aerobically (Wilson, 1995). The ability of an athlete to achieve a steady state of oxygen uptake into the cells is a function of how well an athlete is aerobically conditioned (Coggan, 1992). An athlete that frequently trains aerobically is likely to reach a steady state faster than one does not train aerobically (Coggan, 1992).In theory once an athlete reaches a level of oxygen uptake that matches oxygen requirement for the given level of exertion (Coggan, 1992). The exercise could go on for as long as the body’s carbohydrate level and fluid did not reach a critical state (Sherman, 1996). For instance a long-distance runner is in a steady state could continue running provided the runner replaced the carbohydrate and fluid that are used in the activity (Sherman, 1995). Therefore, endurance is enhanced with a periodic intake of carbohydrates and fluid during the activity (Swanson, 1992).Athletes with different levels of conditioning are likely to achieve steady state at different levels of exercise intensity (Sherman, 1995). When athletes are being well-conditioned they might be able to maintain a steady state at a high enough level of exercise intensity to easily win a race (Williams, 1995. In other words, they can go really at a fast paced but still provide enough oxygen to your cell to satisfy your aerobic needs (Swanson, 1992). 1. 2 Fluid: As athletes exercise there is an inevitable loss of body water through sweat (Economos, 1993).The cooling system plus the normal urinary water loss may amount cover 10 litres of daily water loss when exercising in a warm environment (Borts, 1993). In a hot or humid environment water losses may exceed three litres per ho ur, but may be less than 0. 5 litres per hour cool dry environment (Nelson, 1993). Despite the high rates of sweat losses experienced by athletes, most athletes replace on fifty percent of the water that is lost, a behaviour that inevitably leads to progressive dehydration and a decline in performance (Nelson, 1993).Researches have clearly demonstrated that even a slight dehydration of two percent of body weight causes a measureable decrease in athletic performance (Borts, 1993). Therefore, when athletes take steps to satisfy fluid requirements, they are helping to guarantee optimal athletic performance (Economos, 1993). 1. 3 Carbohydrate: Athletes require carbohydrate during both low and high intensity activities (Burke, 1991). When carbohydrate stores are depleted the athlete quickly becomes fatigued and performance drops dramatically (Gollan, 1991).However, since the storage level of carbohydrate is relatively low gen compared fat stores; athletes must make a conscious effort to replace carbohydrate at every opportunity (Read, 1991). When having high levels of stored carbohydrate (glycogen) and consuming carbohydrates during exercise that last up to an hour or more are well-established techniques for optimizing athletic endurance (Murray, 1998). Consuming carbohydrate during exercise helps to maintain blood sugar (glucose) and insulin, which encourages sugar uptake by working muscles (Horswill, 1998).This helps to increase the muscular metabolism of carbohydrates and also helps to assure that carbohydrates are not depleted during exercise (Horswill, 1998). The concentration of carbohydrate consumed early during endurance running may influence the degree to which the athlete gets gastrointestinal (GI), discomfort (Murray, 1998). It was found that a 5. 5 percent (13 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ounces of fluid), carbohydrate solution produced the same level (relative low) of GI distress as plain water (Pate, 1992). A 6. percent (18 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ou nces of fluid), solution, on the other hand, doubled the incident of distress when athletes were asked to perform the same exercise (Branch, 1992). In addition, only the 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution imparted a significant improvement in performance (Branch, 1992). In a study of marathon running performance, that are running over 26 miles, were asked to consume either water, a 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution or a 6. 9 percent carbohydrate solution on three occasions (Pate, 1992).The fastest times were recorded when they consumed the 5. 5percent carbohydrate solution, while consuming the 6. 9 percent solution resulted in times that were similar to consuming plain water (Hargreaves, 1996). Although, athletes have a tremendous need for carbohydrate, trying to provide too much too fast causes difficulties and may detract from performance (Dillo, 1996). Therefore, it appears clear that having a carbohydrate containing beverages during exercise is a very good thing to do (Angus, 1 996).Resynthesis of glycogen following activity is also important, since glycogen reserves are severely depleted following activity lasting an hour or longer (Fabbrioa, 1996). The efficiency of glycogen resynthesis is dependent on several factors, including: (1) the timing of carbohydrate intake, (2) the amount of carbohydrate consumed, (3) the type of carbohydrate consumed, and (4), the degree to which muscles has been damaged during the exercise (Fabbrioa, 1996). 2. 0 Building energy and fluid: The importance of building and maintaining energy reserves to support endurance exercise is well-established (Angus, 1996).It is very clear that endurance athlete who begins competing with more stored carbohydrates have more available at the end of the competition (Coyle, 1996). This difference alone may be enough to determine the winner. In addition, athletes who are better hydrates during competition perform better than those who are less well-hydrated (Coyle, 1996). Having optimal carboh ydrates and fluid intake does not happen automatically. It is something that must occur with foresight and planning (Angus, 1996). 2. 1 Before competition: When consuming carbohydrates prior to exercise, there is improved performance.The general recommendation is for athletes to consume between 800 to 1200 calories during the hours that precede competition (Costill, 1985). Foods consumed prior to competition should be foods that have been consumed without difficult prior to training (Costill, 1985). Trying to improve carbohydrate status before a competition by trying out new foods, like gels or sports drinks is an almost guaranteed formula for competitive disaster (Costill, 1985). Consumption of fluids prior to competition is also important and since glycogen storage requires additional fluids carbohydrate consumption should lways take place with substantial fluid intake (William, 1996). Since it is common for athletes to drink only when thirsty a conscious effort should be make to consume fluids even when not thirsty (William, 1996). Getting and staying well-hydrated may be the single most important thing athlete can do to assure good athletic performance (Wilson, 1996). Since it is almost impossible to adequately replace all fluids lost during training or competition it is useful for athletes to enter the exercise in a well-hydrated state (Burrin, 1996).It is impossible to become well-hydrated during exercise if athlete enters the exercise poorly hydrated to begin with (Burrin, 1996). Assuming that ample fluids have been consumed during the day leading up to the re-competition or practice athletes should consume an additional 10 to 13 gram of fluid approximately two hours before the exercise begins (Wilson, 1996). After this fluids should be consumed every 15 to 30 minutes to maintain prior to exercise (William, 1996). The athlete will know if you’ve adequately hydrated yourself by checking on the colour of the athlete urine (Tsintzas, 1995).Dark urin e suggests that athlete is not well-hydrated, while clear urine suggests that athlete is well-hydrated (Stanzas, 1995). Using sports beverages (lucazad) prior to exercise is useful because they provide the two things athletes need the most: carbohydrates and fluids (William, 1995). Since carbohydrate is typically the limiting energy substance (that will run out before fat or protein runs out) in exercise (William, 1995). When starting exercise with more of it is in the tissues should aid exercise endurance (William, 1995).In low-intensity but long-duration exercise, fat may be the primarily fuel, but fat requires carbohydrates to burn completely (Singh, 1995). In either case, when carbohydrates (glycogen stores and blood glucose) are depleted, exercise performance is dramatically reduced (Wilson, 1995). This basis behind carbohydrate loading is to put as much carbohydrate in the tissue as they can hold (Wilson, 1995). 2. During competition: A marathon race where fluid are available at regular intervals, the athlete should take full advantage of each fluid station and consume fluid (Burrin, 1995).Since water is constantly being lost, frequent and regular consumption of fluid helps to maintain the body water level (Burrin, 1995). To understand how much fluid an athlete needs to consume during practice or competition, a log should be maintained with the amount of fluid consumed and the beginning and ending weight of the athletes (Sherman, 1995). If an athlete consumes 26 gram during practice and weighs 26 gram less at the end of practice than at the beginning this athletes should learn to consume an additional 26 gram of fluid during practice or competition (Sherman, 1995).Consumption of fluids that contain carbohydrates is important during exercise or competition and properly designed sport beverages can benefit in providing both fluid and carbohydrates quickly (Coggan, 1992). Carbohydrate solution of between 5 and 6 percent delivers both the carbohydrate and th e fluid quickly (Swanson, 1992). A higher carbohydrate concentration slows delivery to the muscles by delaying gastric emptying and may increase the risk of gut upset (Swanson, 1992). A small amount of sodium helps drive the desire to drink and in so doing helps to assure that the athlete stays better hydrated (Coggan, 1992).Sodium may also benefit in getting the water and carbohydrate absorbed more quickly as well as helps to maintain blood volume (Economos, 1993). Maintaining of blood volume is an important predictor of athletic performance (Economos, 1993). There is some evidence that hyponatremia (low level of blood sodium), which results from large losses of sodium in sweat that goes unreplaced, occurs endurance and ultra-endurance events (Borts, 1993). This is a rare but a serious condition that may result in comas, or death (Nelson, 1993). The beverage should be taste good to the athlete.The taste sensation may be altered during exercise so there is no guarantee that a fluid, athlete enjoys drinking while exercising. Make sure that an athlete tries different flavours during exercise to determine what is best liked. The carbohydrate should be from a combination of glucose and sucrose. Beverages containing predominantly fructose increase the risk of creating gut upset. 2. 3 Nutritional recommendation: There are several rules of nutrition that apply here. Among them is the idea of the need to consume a wide range of variety of foods to assure that the body is exposed to all of the essential nutrients (Burke, 1991).On the backside of this rule, there is another benefit. By consuming a wide range of variety of foods, athletes can avoid being exposed to any potentially toxic substances that are more prevalent in some foods (Gollan, 1991). Therefore, eating a wide range of variety of foods is a good nutritional rule to live by (Read, 1991). Another rule is the idea that it is possible to eat too much of something, even if athletes think it’s good for th em (Read, 1991). Learning to balance the diet through variety will help ensure the body of both proper maintenance and adequate nutrient intake (Gollan, 1991). 3. Summary: In general, athletes with long training schedules should focus on the consumption of diets that are high in carbohydrate and should develop a drinking habit that frequently delivers fluids to the body. While fats, constitute a major proportion of burned energy for endurance (aerobic) activities the storage capacity for fat is relatively high for even the leanest athletes. The storage capacity for carbohydrate, however, is limited. Since fats require some carbohydrate to be completely burned, the limited storage capacity for carbohydrate cam limit the body ability to burn fat during exercise.To overcome this limitation athlete should be constantly vigilant to keep body stored of carbohydrate at maximal levels before activity begins and should replace carbohydrate during activity throughout whatever means are availa ble. A failure to supply suffienct carbohydrate before and during endurance activity will significantly reduce athletic performance. 4. 0 Reference: †¢ Economos, D. , Borts, Z. , and Nelson, R. 1993. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Sports. Med. 16:383. †¢ Burke, L. , Gollan, R. , and Read, R. 1991. Dietary intake and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes. Int. J. Sports Nutr. 1:378. †¢ Murray, R. and Horswill, A. , 1998. Nutrition requirements for competitive sports. In nutrition in exercise and sport, 3ed. 521-558. †¢ Pate, R. , and Branch, D. 1992. Training for endurance sport. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 24:S340. †¢ Hargreaves, M. , Dillo, P. , Angus, D. , and Fabbraio, M. 1996. Effect of fluid ingestion on muscle metabolism during pro-longed exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:363-6. †¢ Coyle, E. , Coggan, A. , Hammert, M. , and Ivy, L. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during pro-longed strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J. App l. Physiol. 61:165-172. †¢ Costill, D. 1985. Carbohydrate nutrition before, during, and after exercise.Fed. Proc. 44:364. †¢ William, C. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1996. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation early in exercise on endurance running capacity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:1373-1379. †¢ Tsintzas, O. , Williams, C. , Singh, R. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1995. Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on marathon running performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 154-6. †¢ Sherman, M. 1995. Metabolism of sugars and physical performance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:228S. †¢ Coggan, A. , and Swanson, S. , 1992. Nutritional manipulations before and during endurance exercise: effects on performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:S331.

Health Eucation Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2715 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Education should be the means through which children are provided with guidance with regard to spiritual, moral, cultural, social, physical and mental development which should, in turn, provide equality of opportunity, justice, access to democracy, and a productive and sustainable economy for everyone (The National Curriculum, 2000 cited in Inman et al., 2003, p. 5). The National Curriculum (2000 cited in Inman et al., 2003, p. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Health Eucation Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order 5) sets out the expressed aim that pupils should be encouraged to develop enduring values which foster integrity whilst helping them to develop into autonomous responsible citizens who are able to make an active contribution to the society in which they live. The curriculum should provide opportunities for students to reflect upon the belief systems and culture of those around them, while simultaneously developing their sense of self, as well as a sense of respect and tolerance for diversity (National Curriculum, 2000 cited in Inman et al., 2003, p. 5). The notion that Personal, Health, Social and Economic Education (PSHE) is the appropriate curriculum area through which this might be delivered is endorsed by the recent review conducted by the Department for Education (DfE, 2015). This document states that an in-depth review of over 70 studies found that these lessons could benefit pupils across a diverse range of outcomes if there was a coherent, universal approach towards the socia l, emotional and behavioural development of students (Sklad et al., 2012). Furthermore, Langford et al. (2014) state that concerted efforts to promote health and well-being within schools had a demonstrable positive effect on issues such as smoking, bullying, diet and exercise. The aim of this essay is to look at the place of PSHE in the curriculum and the influence that this (as a subject area/concept) can have upon the life of a school. Definition PSHE is described as an important part of a childs education which should be delivered by all schools (DfE, 2013). The DfE (2013) state that the non-statutory nature of the subject allows PSHE to be moulded to the needs of specific groups of pupils, depending upon the environment in which they live and their particular needs. A critical aim provided for by this subject is that it should enable pupils to be able to make sound assessment of risk, and encourage learners to build up the necessary skills and knowledge to enable them to make considered, informed decisions (DfE, 2013). This is particularly important with regard to issues such as drug education, sex and relationships education, financial education and health education (DfE, 2013). The subject is described as the vehicle through which meaningful debate about essential issues can be brought into childrens lives (Goddard et al., 2013) which allows them to develop the life skills to become independent, informed and active citi zens (Department for Education and Employment/Qualifications and Curriculum Authority [DfEE/QCA], 1999; endorsed by Worcestershire County Council, 2007). The DfE (2015, p. 4) state that PSHE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is a planned programme of school-based learning opportunities and experiences that deal with the real life issues children and young people face as they grow up, covering those issues in two strands: personal well-being covers sex and relationships education, drug and alcohol education, emotional health and well-being, diet and healthy lifestyle and safety education, with economic well-being covering careers education, work-related learning, enterprise education and financial capability. It is pertinent to note that although PSHE for Key Stages 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 is not compulsory, some aspects are statutory, such as education with regard to sex and relationships, drugs, careers and work-related learning. It should also be noted that schools are expected to coordinate, pla n, monitor and assess their provision of PSHE, as with any other subject area (DfE, 2015). Development In order to be able to fully comprehend PSHE in its current form, it is important that there is an understanding of its development which began with an acknowledgement that childrens personal and social development should be at the centre of any educative process, in order to ensure balanced cultural, spiritual, moral, mental and physical well-being (DfES/QCA, 2004). As stated above, the educative process should foster attitudes of equal opportunity, democracy, healthy living and sustainable development which in turn should enable pupils to develop a profound sense of self (DfES/QCA, 2004). Its inception as a subject came in the 1980s although much of the content associated with it was delivered via the hidden curriculum (Goddard et al., 2013). With the advent of the National Curriculum (DfE, 1989) came the notion that this content could be delivered as a part of the 10 curriculum subjects stipulated as being compulsory by the government. It was only as a result of the increased em phasis upon inclusive education that PSHE began to be seen as a discrete subject in its own right, being driven by the need for a citizenship education programme (Citizenship Advisory Group, 1997; DfEE/QCA, 1999) and a renewed commitment to the highest quality educational provision for all children (Department for Education and Employment, 1997). Health education as well as personal, social and emotional development were addressed via the Foundation Stage curriculum documentation (DfES/QCA, 2000) which paved the way for the Early Years Foundation Stage [EYFS] (Department for Children, Schools and Families [DCSF], 2008). This document, and documents produced for educational provision post 2003, were influenced by the Every Child Matters (ECM) initiative which called for a greater degree of multiagency working in order to ensure the safeguarding of children. ECM (DfES, 2004) aimed to provide teaching which allows children the opportunity to develop the knowledge, understanding and ski lls which enable them to be healthy, to remain safe, to enjoy life and to achieve things, to contribute to society around them and to be able to attain financial stability. There are palpable links between these aims and that of any good quality PSHE provision (Knowles, 2009) as well as additional support programmes across all age groups, such as the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning Syllabus (SEAL, DfES, 2005) which provides a holistic approach towards encouraging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the social and emotional skills that underpin effective learning, positive behaviour, regular attendance, staff effectiveness and the emotional health and well-being of all learning and work in schools (DCSF, 2007, p. 4). Present Role and Influence The role of PSHE is critical in a number of ways. It provides opportunities for educators and society as a whole to provide children with the opportunity to develop a balanced perspective about many important issues which they will face during the course of their lives and to develop life skills. Often it also has the role of coordinating the delivery of compulsory aspects of education such as Sex and Relationships (SRE), work-related learning, and careers guidance (PSHE Association, 2010). In fact, it is viewed as being so important that there has been a recommendation by the government that PSHE should become a statutory subject in all schools (DCSF, 2009). McDonalds report (DCSF, 2009) recommended that learning in the primary sector should focus upon physical development, health and well-being with the secondary sector having PSHE as a foundation subject. He also suggested that research should be conducted with regard to how this core provision could be most effectively delivere d and stipulated that the subjects profile should be enhanced with practitioners through increased levels of professional development programmes, and the use of external providers within PSHE programmes. Further acknowledgement of the benefits that PSHE brings to pupils was highlighted by the DfE (2010) who made the point that the subject develops pupils skills to the extent that they are able to make informed choices and can help schools and society address major issues such as the misuse of drugs and appropriate sex/relationship behaviour (BBC News, 2015). Furthermore, the government has stressed the need for personal development within education through highlighting the need to provide a balanced curriculum which affirms the importance of subject knowledge and personal, social, health and economic awareness (DfE, 2011). This review of the National Curriculum (DfE, 2011) confirmed the governments view that PSHE should form part of the statutory curriculum, although they recomme nded that the provision should be under the control of individual schools/local authorities in order to cater for the needs of children within specific environments, with the proviso that childrens personal development could be clearly observed and documented. Clearly, PSHE simultaneously fulfils a number of roles a legislative role which ensures the safeguarding of children, a societal role that enables children to make a valuable contribution as they mature, an academic role in helping to raise educational standards as a result of children feeling emotionally secure, and a human rights role (Goddard et al., 2013). The level of influence and impact that PSHE can have within any educational environment will depend upon the way in which the subject is approached and the extent to which the staff, and indeed the school as a whole, are committed to it. Schools can adopt a discrete subject approach which provides it with a greater degree of gravitas for both pupils and teachers whic h is more easily achieved in a secondary school environment (Kitson, 2004). A cross curricular approach is one that is seen as more desirable in a primary setting, in that children are able to make cognitive links between different subject areas whilst tackling the activities that are set for them by practitioners (Hayes, 2006; Savage, 2011). A whole school approach requires the whole school community to become involved in delivering a specific ethos which is provided not only through lesson content, but also in the interactions which take place across the school environment as peers interact with each other and adults (practitioners, ancillary staff, and support staff) engage with children (Denman et al., 2004). Government inspectors recommend that the subject be delivered in discrete lessons which should be supplemented through links being made to it in other curriculum subjects (Office for Standards in Education [Ofsted], 2013), and through engaging in whole school, cross curricu lar activities as well as group teaching/guidance in specific aspects of development and learning (PSHE Association, n.d.). Whichever route is taken by individual schools, it is critical that the delivery is one which is interactive, vibrant and engaging, which provides children with an opportunity to express their feelings and views with regard to the important issues of the day (National Childrens Bureau, 2006), although current government thinking (DfE, 2015) indicates that a whole school approach should be taken towards PSHE. This whole school approach should foster good relationships within the school community, include lessons which are interactive and engaging, provide students with a voice, encourage an acceptance of diversity, are relevant to the circumstances in which pupils find themselves and encourage not only a sense of self but also a sense of community (DfE, 2015). This type of approach can be evidentially linked to pupils readiness to learn, with links being found b etween pupils health and well-being and attainment levels in schools where health and well-being form part of a schools effectiveness strategy (Public Health England, 2014). Evidence would also suggest that PSHE can improve the physical and psychosocial well-being of students, which has a beneficial effect upon their academic achievement (DfE, 2015). It has also been found that good quality careers education, information and advice can have a positive impact upon pupils, in that it has been shown to increase the levels of self-confidence and enhance decision-making skills, both of which are beneficial to students prospects for a stable economic future (Hughes and Gration, 2009). Conclusion Clearly, PSHE has a central role to play in the curriculum with regard to providing pupils with opportunities to explore important issues which effect of them as individuals and society in general. The approach which individual settings take with regard to this area will have an impact upon the effect that it can have in childrens lives. It is critical that the schools approach to PSHE is one which is engaging, thought-provoking and inclusive in order to provide equality of opportunity and an acceptance of difference irrespective of individual pupil backgrounds, abilities, faith, sexual orientation and gender identity (DfE, 2015). The whole school community must work as a team from the governors all the way through to the youngest pupils in order that pupils are provided with opportunities to develop as balanced, fair minded individuals. References BBC News (2015) School sex crime reports in UK top 5,500 in three years. 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